{"id":4640,"date":"2021-05-10T06:34:17","date_gmt":"2021-05-10T06:34:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aiproblog.com\/index.php\/2021\/05\/10\/electrical-flexibility-how-is-it-made\/"},"modified":"2021-05-10T06:34:17","modified_gmt":"2021-05-10T06:34:17","slug":"electrical-flexibility-how-is-it-made","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aiproblog.com\/index.php\/2021\/05\/10\/electrical-flexibility-how-is-it-made\/","title":{"rendered":"Electrical Flexibility: How Is It Made?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Author: Roberto Quadrini<\/p>\n<div>\n<div><a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Buxoler\/Epoch\/blob\/main\/%5BW%5DPOWER.jpeg?raw=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Buxoler\/Epoch\/blob\/main\/[W]POWER.jpeg?raw=true&amp;profile=RESIZE_710x\" width=\"720\" class=\"align-center\"><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Slide by author<\/em><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<b><span>NEURAL POWER [W<\/span><\/b><span>]: qualitative and economic description of the subject matter.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<b><span>BLOCK[mW]<\/span><\/b><span>:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/robertoquadrini.medium.com\/electrical-flexibility-what-is-it-d35fc755d2f4\" rev=\"en_rl_none\"><span>1618845450<\/span><\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<b><span>GOAL<\/span><\/b><span>: Discuss solutions, methodologies, systems, projects to support the Energy Transition towards Energy Convergence.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<b><span>TARGET<\/span><\/b><span>: Operators, Customers, Regulators, Lawmakers, Inventors, Academics, Scientists, Enthusiasts.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<b><span>MARKET<\/span><\/b><span>: Energy Market<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<b><span>TAG<\/span><\/b><span>: #ElectricalFlexibility #Profiling\u00a0#Scheduling\u00a0#Baseline\u00a0#Balancing\u00a0#NegaWh\u00a0#EnergyAsAService\u00a0#Blockchain\u00a0#EnergyTransition\u00a0#FlexibilityReady\u00a0#Baseload\u00a0#Demand\u00a0#Digitization<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<b><span>INSPIRATION<\/span><\/b><span>:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/robertoquadrini.medium.com\/electrical-flexibility-what-is-it-d35fc755d2f4\" rev=\"en_rl_none\"><span>Cardano<\/span><\/a><span>,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giuseppe_Peano\" rev=\"en_rl_none\"><span>Peano<\/span><\/a><span>,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Murray_Rothbard\" rev=\"en_rl_none\"><span>MurrayRothbard<\/span><\/a><span>,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/julialang.org\/\" rev=\"en_rl_none\"><span>Julia<\/span><\/a><span>,\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.tfcbooks.com\/default.htm\" rev=\"en_rl_none\"><span>NikolaTesla<\/span><\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<b><span>LEDGER<\/span><\/b><span>:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/about.me\/robertoquadrini\" rev=\"en_rl_none\"><span>Roberto Quadrini<\/span><\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<b><span>BIBLIOTEX<\/span><\/b><span>: [1]\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/unixtime.org\/\" rev=\"en_rl_none\"><span>Epoch Converter<\/span><\/a><span>;\u00a0[2]\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/search\/?query=energy+optimization+&amp;searchtype=all&amp;source=header\" rev=\"en_rl_none\"><span>arXiv: &#8220;Energy Optimization&#8221;<\/span><\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<b><span>CREDITS<\/span><\/b><span>: [1] Photo of Ann H by Pexels; [2] Photo of Kampus Production by Pexels; [3] Photo of Markus Spiske by Pexels.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div><span><a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Buxoler\/Epoch\/blob\/main\/1%5BW%5DGLOSSARY.jpg?raw=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Buxoler\/Epoch\/blob\/main\/1[W]GLOSSARY.jpg?raw=true&amp;profile=RESIZE_710x\" width=\"720\" class=\"align-center\"><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<span>P<\/span><i><span>hoto\u00a0 by Pexels<\/span><\/i>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span>Glossary<\/span><\/h2>\n<div>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.emissions-euets.com\/internal-electricity-market-glossary\/622-transmission-system-operators-tsos\" rev=\"en_rl_none\"><span>Transmission System Operator<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0(<\/span><i><span>TSO<\/span><\/i><span>). Transmission System Operator is a natural or legal person responsible for operating, ensuring the maintenance of and, if necessary, developing the\u00a0transmission system in a given area and, where applicable, its interconnections with other systems, and for ensuring the long-term ability of the system to meet reasonable demands for the transmission of electricity.[<\/span><b><sup><span>1<\/span><\/sup><\/b><span>]<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/(https\/\/www.emissions-euets.com\/balancing-service-provider-bsp)\" rev=\"en_rl_none\"><span>Balancing Service Provider<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0(<\/span><i><span>BSP<\/span><\/i><span>). Balancing Service Provider (BSP) in the European Union Internal Electricty Market is a market participant providing balancing services to its Connecting TSO, or in case of the TSO-BSP Model, to its Contracting TSO.[<\/span><b><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><\/b><span>]<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<b><span>Mixed Virtual Enabled Unit<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0(<\/span><i><span>MVEU<\/span><\/i><span>). Aggregate (<\/span><i><span>also known as industrial districts<\/span><\/i><span>) consisting of production, consumption and storage plants that participate in the `#ElectricalFlexibility` processes, governing the use of energy according to the actual power needs. Storage systems functional to electric mobility are also part of the MVEU pilot project, as these are considered to be completely comparable to other storage systems.[<\/span><b><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><\/b><span>]<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.emissions-euets.com\/internal-electricity-market-glossary\/623-distribution-system-operators-dsos\" rev=\"en_rl_none\"><span>Distribution System Operator<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0(<\/span><i><span>DSO<\/span><\/i><span>). Distribution System Operator (DSO) in the European Union Internal Electricity Market is legally defined in Article 2(29) of the Directive (EU) 2019\/944 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 on common rules for the internal market in electricity (recast), and stands for a &#8216;natural or legal person who is responsible for operating, ensuring the maintenance of and, if necessary, developing the distribution system in a given area and, where applicable, its interconnections with other systems, and for ensuring the long-term ability of the system to meet reasonable demands for the distribution of electricity.[<\/span><b><sup><span>4<\/span><\/sup><\/b><span>]<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<b><span>ISOPROD<\/span><\/b><span>. Electric load profile of the Consumption Units (CU) (<\/span><i><span>mapped within the industrial-type production process<\/span><\/i><span>) built respecting all the constraints of the process itself, i.e. the production performance index (Qty\/h).<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<b><span>ISOCONF<\/span><\/b><span>. Electric load profile of the Consumption Units (CU) (<\/span><i><span>mapped within the supply chain responsible for providing environmental service<\/span><\/i><span>s) built respecting all system constraints, i.e. the environmental conditions to be supplied (*temperature, humidity,\u2026*).<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<hr>\n<h2><span>Introduction<\/span><\/h2>\n<div><i><span><a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Buxoler\/Epoch\/blob\/main\/1%5BW%5DINTRO.jpg?raw=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Buxoler\/Epoch\/blob\/main\/1[W]INTRO.jpg?raw=true&amp;profile=RESIZE_710x\" width=\"720\" class=\"align-center\"><\/a><\/span><\/i><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><i><span>Photo of Ann H by Pexels<\/span><\/i><\/div>\n<div>\n<span>To realize the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#ElectricalFlexibility<\/span><\/i><span>:<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><span>which technology?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>what architecture?<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>which platform?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<span>The question is not\u00a0<\/span><b><span>which<\/span><\/b><span>, but\u00a0<\/span><b><span>how<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0this is achieved by avoiding tactical approaches that introduce other issues (<\/span><i><span>e.g. batteries<\/span><\/i><span>) instead of providing a system solution.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<span>How to create the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#ElectricalFlexibility<\/span><\/i><span>:<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>virtualize<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0the electrical\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#Demand<\/span><\/i><span>, through the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#Digitization<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0process;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>optimize<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0the consumption profile (<\/span><i><span>#Profiling<\/span><\/i><span>) of the Consumption Units (CU), both single and aggregated (<\/span><i><span>MVEU<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0\/ industrial districts);<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>execute<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0the consumption program (<\/span><i><span>#Baseline<\/span><\/i><span>) scheduling (<\/span><i><span>#Scheduling<\/span><\/i><span>) the activities of the Consumption Units that compose it;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>build<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0the map of the CUs, within the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#Baseline<\/span><\/i><span>, which are proposed (<\/span><i><span>pay-as-bid<\/span><\/i><span>) to the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>TSO<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0to solve the problems of Network imbalances (<\/span><i><span>#Balancing<\/span><\/i><span>) through modulating its consumption and respecting all the constraints of the system and the program itself;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>sell<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#NegaWh<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0the modulation program of the CUs, which are proposed as resources of\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#ElectricalFlexibility<\/span><\/i><span>.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div><em>#NegaWh\u00a0measures the flexibility (energy to &#8220;increase in consumption &#8220;and \/ or&#8221; decrease in consumption &#8220;) of the CU, within the baseline, which are proposed to market (pay-as-bid) as resources for services reserve (primary, secondary, tertiary) in dispatching sessions, in order to resolve the imbalances in the electricity grid.<\/em><\/div>\n<div><i><span><a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Buxoler\/Epoch\/blob\/main\/1%5BW%5DNEGAWATT%5BEN%5D.jpeg?raw=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Buxoler\/Epoch\/blob\/main\/1[W]NEGAWATT[EN].jpeg?raw=true&amp;profile=RESIZE_710x\" width=\"720\" class=\"align-center\"><\/a><\/span><\/i><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><i><span>Slide by author<\/span><\/i><\/div>\n<div>\n<span>A further step forward, to realize the flexibility&#8217;s paradigm, is to build, through the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#Digitization<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0process, the services that maximize the values related to the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#ElectricalFlexibility<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0making the Consumption Units ready to be used from the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>TSO<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0as resources to be used in the stock market sessions (<\/span><i><span>#FlexibilityReady<\/span><\/i><span>).<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<span>The\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#Digitization<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0transforms electrical energy from commodities into technological services (<\/span><i><span>#EnergyAsAService<\/span><\/i><span>), aiming to eliminate the risks associated with non-compliance with the electrical programming of the CU and to maximize the opportunities related to its own\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#ElectricalFlexibility<\/span><\/i><span>. The new digital energy services have the following objectives:<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>reduce<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0the marginal costs associated with its use;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>optimize<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0consumption;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>maximize<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0the revenues able to pursue by participating in the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#ElectricFlexibility<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0market.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div><span>The push towards the energy service model is given by the following market trends:<\/span><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>De-carbonization<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0of the economy, i.e. maximization of\u00a0<\/span><b><span>renewable energy<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0and the minimization of its\u00a0<\/span><b><span>marginal cost<\/span><\/b><span>;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>Digitization<\/span><\/b><span>: the total interconnection of decentralized, disintermediated and distributed systems and data, according to the\u00a0<\/span><b><span>#Blockchain<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0model. The\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#Digitization<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0opens up the values and methods of physical and mathematical optimization and new business models to the world of energy.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<span>The\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#EnergyAsAService<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0model focuses on the specific satisfaction of the\u00a0<\/span><b><span>Customer<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0by creating new economic values in harmony with the objectives defined by the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#EnergyTransition<\/span><\/i><span>:<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>Earning from the Grid<\/span><\/b><span>: economic enhancement of the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#ElectricFlexibility<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0extracted from the CU and that the\u00a0<\/span><b><span>Customer<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0can offer to the electricity system;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>Minimization<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0of marginal costs: optimization of electricity consumption profiles;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Economic and environmental\u00a0<\/span><b><span>sustainability<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0of the production cycle.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div><i><span><a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Buxoler\/Epoch\/blob\/main\/1%5BW%5DSERVICES.jpg?raw=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Buxoler\/Epoch\/blob\/main\/1[W]SERVICES.jpg?raw=true&amp;profile=RESIZE_710x\" width=\"720\" class=\"align-center\"><\/a><\/span><\/i><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><i><span>Photo of Kampus Production by Pexels<\/span><\/i><\/div>\n<h2><span>EnergyAsAService<\/span><\/h2>\n<div>\n<span>The three services that make CU<\/span><i><span>\u00a0#FlexibilityReady\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span>are:<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div><span>Energy Professional Assessment<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Energy Professional Modeling<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Energy Flexibility Enhancement<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span>Energy Professional Assessment<\/span><\/h2>\n<div><em>Marginal cost optimization service for electricity and gas supplies.<\/em><\/div>\n<h3><span>Goals<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>Preparation<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0of monthly digital reports based on data related to electricity and gas supplies;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>Identification<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0of any errors in the bill;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>Optimization<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0of the marginal costs of supplies by identifying the best tariff opportunities compared to actual market prices.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span>Solutions<\/span><\/h3>\n<div>\n<span>The data related to energy supplies are collected from various data sources and inserted into a digital reporting platform that analyzes multiple aspects belonging to the following areas:<\/span><i><span>\u00a0physical, economic, financial, environmental<\/span><\/i><span>.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<span>In addition to identifying any errors in the bill, the calculations obtained allow the identification of an optimal supply proposal through an analytical methodology based on the &#8220;<\/span><i><span>Load Shaping<\/span><\/i><span>&#8221; model, determining the tariff profile of the electricity contract that best reflects the real needs consumption of the\u00a0<\/span><b><span>Customer<\/span><\/b><span>, considering all the factors (endogenous \/ exogenous) that can modify its trend.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<h3><span>Activities<\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span>Digital reporting<\/span><\/h4>\n<div>\n<span>[<\/span><i><span>monthly update<\/span><\/i><span>]<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span>Physical area;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Analysis of consumption profiles;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Analysis of generation profiles (where available);<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Economic area;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Analysis of the costs in the bill;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Identification of any errors in the bill;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Check requirements for defi-scaling;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Verify contributions in exchange account on the spot (where available);<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Identification of marginal cost optimization strategy;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Financial area;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Power budget;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Environmental area;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Environmental impact analysis.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div><i><span><a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Buxoler\/Epoch\/blob\/main\/1%5BW%5DREPORT.jpeg?raw=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Buxoler\/Epoch\/blob\/main\/1[W]REPORT.jpeg?raw=true&amp;profile=RESIZE_710x\" width=\"720\" class=\"align-center\"><\/a><\/span><\/i><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><i><span>Slide by author<\/span><\/i><\/div>\n<h4><span>Analysis for tariff adjustment<\/span><\/h4>\n<div>\n<span>[<\/span><i><span>Approximately once a year, based on the trend in market prices<\/span><\/i><span>]<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span>Identification of the most important contractual parameters;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Identification of the tariff profile most suited to the actual mode of consumption;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Research and selection of gas and \/ or electricity operators;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Comparison of offers from different operators with performance simulation; with respect to the contractual parameters previously identified;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Support for the selection and subsequent activation of the new supply (renegotiation with the current supplier or change of supplier).<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span>Pre-requisites<\/span><\/h3>\n<div>\n<span>[<\/span><i><span>At the start of business<\/span><\/i><span>]<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span>Electricity supply contract in force (<u>original document in pdf format<\/u>);<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Gas supply contract in force (<u>original document in pdf format)<\/u>;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Technical specifications for interfacing with smart meters dedicated to the acquisition of total plant consumption (where available).<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<span>[<\/span><i><span>Every month<\/span><\/i><span>]<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Quarterly distribution curves (<\/span><i><span>source: distributor portal<\/span><\/i><span>);<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Quarter-hour absorption curves (<\/span><i><span>source: supplier portal)<\/span><\/i><span>;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Invoiced consumption (<\/span><i><span>source: supplier portal<\/span><\/i><span>);<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Bills (<u>original document in pdf format, including details<\/u>;\u00a0<\/span><i><span>source: supplier&#8217;s portal<\/span><\/i><span>);<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>If photovoltaic or other generation plants are available:<\/span><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Quarter-hour electricity input curves (<\/span><i><span>source: distributor portal<\/span><\/i><span>);<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Withdrawal and injection measurements sent by\u00a0<\/span><i><span>TSO<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0to the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>DSO<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0(<\/span><i><span>source: distributor portal<\/span><\/i><span>);<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Plant production data (<\/span><i><span>source: plant manufacturer&#8217;s portal<\/span><\/i><span>).<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<span>[<\/span><i><span>Every semester<\/span><\/i><span>]<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div><span>If photovoltaic or other generation plants are available:<\/span><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>On-site exchange contributions\u00a0<\/span><i><span>(source:\u00a0DSO\u00a0portal<\/span><\/i><span>);<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Administrative costs (<\/span><i><span>source:\u00a0DSO\u00a0portal<\/span><\/i><span>).<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span>Benefits<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>Awareness<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0of the energy costs associated with supplies (electrical \/ thermal) divided by components;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Request to the Supplier for any\u00a0<\/span><b><span>refunds<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0for billing errors and \/ or application of charges and taxes;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Constant\u00a0<\/span><b><span>adjustment<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0of supply tariffs in relation to market price trends;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>Reduction<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0of the cost of the unbalancing component of the supplier&#8217;s portfolio thanks to the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#Profiling<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0of the site (max 2.5 \u20ac\/MWh).<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div><i><span><a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Buxoler\/Epoch\/blob\/main\/1%5BW%5DMODELING.jpg?raw=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Buxoler\/Epoch\/blob\/main\/1[W]MODELING.jpg?raw=true&amp;profile=RESIZE_710x\" width=\"720\" class=\"align-center\"><\/a><\/span><\/i><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><i><span>Photo of Markus Spiske by Pexels<\/span><\/i><\/div>\n<h2><span>Energy Professional Modeling<\/span><\/h2>\n<div><em>Service for the optimization of the electricity consumption profile of the Consumption Units (CU).<\/em><\/div>\n<h3><span>Goals<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>Identification<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0of the electrical load profiles of the main Consumption Units.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>Optimization<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0of the total electrical load profile through:<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>Elimination<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0of consumption peaks;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>Scheduling<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0of the systems responsible for the environmental service (<\/span><i><span>HVAC, AHU, lights, etc<\/span><\/i><span>);<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>Definition<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0of the energy program based on the industrial production plan;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>Identification<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0of the potential of\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#ElectricalFlexibility<\/span><\/i><span>.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span>\u00a0Activities<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span>Mapping of the Consumption Units;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Description of the phases of the operational process;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Identification of the CU involved;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Mapping of CU in virtual areas;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Categorization of CUs based on the type of consumption:<\/span><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>repetitive (<\/span><i><span>#Baseload<\/span><\/i><span>);<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>discontinuous (dependent on constraints of\u00a0<\/span><i><span>ISOPROD<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0and\u00a0<\/span><i><span>ISOCONF<\/span><\/i><span>);<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>ancillary (supporting the discontinuous component).<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Creation of the Characteristic Energy Profile (PEC) of the CU;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Dynamic acquisition of the consumptions of each CU;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Dynamic acquisition of the operating parameters that impact on the consumption of each CU;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Mapping of the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#Electrical Flexibility<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0of CU, virtual areas and sites.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span>ISOCONF service (environmental services)<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Identification of the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>ISOCONF<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0constraints to be respected in each area to maximize usage needs;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Definition of the setpoint\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#Scheduling<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0logics for the environmental service in compliance with the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>ISOCONF<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0conditions previously defined;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Dynamic implementation of schedules;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Verification of the impacts of the schedules implemented on the consumption of the individual CU and virtual areas.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span>ISOPROD service (production programs)<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Identification of the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>ISOPROD<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0constraints to be respected for each single production phase;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Definition of the logic of correlation between production cycles and related energy programs in compliance with the previously defined\u00a0<\/span><i><span>ISOPROD<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0conditions;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Dynamic creation of energy programs associated with production plans.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span>Pre-requisites<\/span><\/h2>\n<h4><b><span>Description of the production process<\/span><\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span>Classification of types of products;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Processing flow of each product with average duration of each step<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Machining programs;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Load classification based on the impact on the production process:<\/span><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span>Direct;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Live;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>None (handling and storage).<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><b><span>Description of environmental services<\/span><\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span>Hours of activity;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Environmental conditions (<\/span><i><span>temperature, humidity, lighting, etc<\/span><\/i><span>):<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>System constraints (operating range of loads);<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Any regulatory requirements;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Optimal comfort conditions with tolerance range.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Classification of loads based on the impact on environmental services:<\/span><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span>Direct;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Live;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>None (other services).<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><b><span>Technical details of electrical loads<\/span><\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span>Type;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Power supply (single-phase \/ three-phase);<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Voltage [V];<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Current [A];<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Minimum power [kW];<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Power at full speed [kW];<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Peak power [kW];<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Supervision mode (manual \/ computerized);<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Positioning (building, floor, area);<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Hours of operation.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><b><span>Technical details of the control systems<\/span><\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span>Loads managed;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Communication interfaces and protocols;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Description of the current control modes.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><b><span>Map of installed meters<\/span><\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span>Measured loads;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Communication interfaces and protocols.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><b><span>Data network<\/span><\/b><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><span>Network type (LAN \/ Wi-Fi \/ not present);<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Remote access capability (VPN \/ public IP \/ not available).<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span>Benefits<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>Reduction<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0of associated costs in bills for profiled consumption areas;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<b><span>Savings<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0in the bill from the elimination of consumption peaks for exceeding the 80% deductible;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<i><span>#Scheduling<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0of electricity consumption\u00a0<\/span><b><span>redistributed<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0over time to the best supply conditions;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Identification of\u00a0<\/span><b><span>minimum consumption<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0(<\/span><i><span>#Baseload<\/span><\/i><span>) useful for building the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#Baseline<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0(<\/span><i><span>#ElectricalFlexibility<\/span><\/i><span>).<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div><i><span><a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Buxoler\/Epoch\/blob\/main\/1%5BW%5DFLEX.jpg?raw=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Buxoler\/Epoch\/blob\/main\/1[W]FLEX.jpg?raw=true&amp;profile=RESIZE_710x\" width=\"720\" class=\"align-center\"><\/a><\/span><\/i><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><i><span>Photo by\u00a0Pexels<\/span><\/i><\/div>\n<h2><span>Energy Flexibility Enhancement Service<\/span><\/h2>\n<div><em>Service for the enhancement of #ElectricalFlexibility.<\/em><\/div>\n<h3><span>Goals<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Definition of the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#ElectricalFlexibility<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0profile;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Identification of strategies for enhancing the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#ElectricalFlexibility<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0profile with greater yield;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Technical validation of the operational process to implement the identified strategies;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Active participation in a Mixed Virtual\u00a0Enabled Unit (<\/span><i><span>MVEU<\/span><\/i><span>).<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span>Solution<\/span><\/h3>\n<div>\n<span>The analysis of the energy programs of each Consumption Unit allows the definition of the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#ElectricalFlexibility<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0profile of the site and simulation scenarios with indication of costs and benefits deriving from flexibility management.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<span>After selecting the best performance scenarios and carrying out the appropriate technical checks through modulation programs,\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#ElectricalFlexibility<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0parameters and operational constraints are established that are preparatory for the administrative and technological steps necessary to actively participate in a\u00a0<\/span><i><span>MVEU<\/span><\/i><span>.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<span>A dynamic data flow is therefore activated towards the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>Balancing Service Provider (BSP)<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0for the enhancement of\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#ElectricalFlexibility<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0by modulating the Consumption Units at a\u00a0<\/span><i><span>pay-as-bid price<\/span><\/i><span>.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<h3><span>Activities<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Creation of the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#ElectricalFlexibility<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0profiles of the Consumption Units, virtual areas and sites;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Definition of scenarios for enhancing\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#ElectricalFlexibility<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0on the electricity market;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Simulation of costs and benefits of the identified scenarios;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Technical verification of modulation for higher performance scenarios;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Definition of\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#ElectricalFlexibilit<\/span><\/i><span>y\u00a0parameters and operational constraints;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<i><span>Balancing Service Provider<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0(BSP) detection:<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Predisposition for continuous data flow to the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>BSP<\/span><\/i><span>;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Consumption schedule (<\/span><i><span>#Baseline<\/span><\/i><span>);<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Availability of\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#ElectricalFlexibility<\/span><\/i><span>;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Actual consumption profile;<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Economic constraints of participation.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Registration for\u00a0<\/span><i><span>MVEU<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0participation through\u00a0<\/span><i><span>BSP<\/span><\/i><span>;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<i><span>MVEU<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0qualification test with\u00a0<\/span><i><span>TSO<\/span><\/i><span>;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Start of active participation in the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>MVEU<\/span><\/i><span>:<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Sending data streams to the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>BSP<\/span><\/i><span>;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Implementation of modulation order received from\u00a0<\/span><i><span>BSP<\/span><\/i><span>;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><span>Reporting of operations and reporting.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span>Pre-requisites<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Completion of the\u00a0<\/span><b><span>Energy Professional Modeling Service<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0activity;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Electricity supply rates (if not already communicated for the activity\u00a0<\/span><b><span>Energy Professional Assessment Service<\/span><\/b><span>).<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span>Benefits<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Remuneration of flexibility capacities (max price \u20ac 30,000\/year\/MW) through the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>TSO<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0incentive;<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\n<span>Remuneration of the\u00a0<\/span><i><span>#ElectricFlexibility<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0placed on the ancillary services market (max price 400 \u20ac\/MWh).<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div><em>&#8220;The power grid is made intelligent by the\u00a0#Demand\u00a0which indicates to production its needs, that are generated of human mind&#8221;<\/em><\/div>\n<div><b><span>Roberto Quadrini<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n<hr>\n<div>\n<span>[<\/span><b><sup><span>1<\/span><\/sup><\/b><span>]\u00a0&#8220;<\/span><i><span>Directive (EU) 2019\/944 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 on common rules for the internal market for electricity and amending Directive 2012\/27\/EU, Article 2(35)<\/span><\/i><span>\u201d.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<span>[<\/span><b><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><\/b><span>]\u00a0&#8220;<\/span><i><span>According to Article 2(6) of the Electricity Balancing Network Code (Commission Regulation (EU) 2017\/2195 of 23 November 2017 establishing a guideline on electricity balancing &#8211; EBGL), Balancing Service Provider is a market participant with reserve-providing units or reserve-providing groups able to provide balancing services to Transmission System Operators (TSOs)<\/span><\/i><span>\u201d.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<span>[<\/span><b><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><\/b><span>]\u00a0&#8220;<\/span><i><span>ARERA Directive 422\/2018\/R\/eel, 300\/2017<\/span><\/i><span>&#8220;.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<span>[<\/span><b><sup><span>4<\/span><\/sup><\/b><span>]\u00a0&#8220;<\/span><i><span>This definition is left unchanged by the so-called &#8216;Winter Energy Package&#8217; proposed by the European Commission in December 2016 &#8211; the identical wording was previously used in Article 2(6) of Directive 2009\/72\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity and repealing Directive 2003\/54\/EC. Update: [CEER Paper on DSO Procedures of Procurement of Flexibility, Distribution Systems Working Group, Ref: C19-DS-55-05](<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ceer.eu\/documents\/104400\/-\/-\/f65ef568-dd7b-4f8c-d182-b04fc1656e58)\" rev=\"en_rl_none\"><span>https:\/\/www.ceer.eu\/documents\/104400\/-\/-\/f65ef568-dd7b-4f8c-d182-b04fc1656e58)<\/span><\/a><\/i><span>\u201d.<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.datasciencecentral.com\/xn\/detail\/6448529:BlogPost:1049493\">Go to Source<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Author: Roberto Quadrini Slide by author NEURAL POWER [W]: qualitative and economic description of the subject matter. BLOCK[mW]:\u00a01618845450 GOAL: Discuss solutions, methodologies, systems, projects to [&hellip;] <span class=\"read-more-link\"><a class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aiproblog.com\/index.php\/2021\/05\/10\/electrical-flexibility-how-is-it-made\/\">Read More<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":463,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[26],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aiproblog.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4640"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aiproblog.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aiproblog.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aiproblog.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aiproblog.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4640"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.aiproblog.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4640\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aiproblog.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/457"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aiproblog.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4640"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aiproblog.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4640"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aiproblog.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4640"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}