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December 23, 2018 at 9:16 pm #1452Charles DurfeeKeymaster
Background info / Notes:
Find a line that models the relationship between a dependent variable and an independent variable.Equation:
y = α + b*xIn English: y is the dependent variable: what we are trying to predict, α is a constant: y at x = 0, b is a coefficient: slope of the line, x is the independent variable: what we think predicts y
Equation:
[SUM(Y) * SUM(X^2)] – [SUM(X) * SUM(XY)]
α = ________________________________________
n[SUM(X^2)] – [SUM(X)]^2n[SUM(XY)] – [SUM(X) * SUM(Y)]
b = ___________________________________
n[SUM(X^2)] – [SUM(X)]^2SUM = Summation
n = sample sizeR-Squared:
Tells us how good our prediction is, closer to 1 the better.
Equation:SUM(Y – Yi)^2
R^2 = 1 – _______________________________
SUM(Y – Yavg)^2Y = the actual data point
Yi = the predicted Y value
Yavg = the average Y valueConvert the equations to code (we can leverage the numpy dot function for SUM(XY) and SUM(X^2)):
n = X.size
sumY = Y.sum()
sumX = X.sum()
sumXY = X.dot(Y)
sumX2 = X.dot(X)denominator = (n * sumX2) – (sumX ** 2)
a = ((sumY * sumX2) – (sumX * sumXY)) / denominator
b = ((n * sumXY) – (sumX * sumY)) / denominatorSSres = Y – predictedY
SStot = Y – Y.mean()
rSquared = 1 – (SSres.dot(SSres) / SStot.dot(SStot))You can view the code and dataset on github here.
You can download the dataset here.
The full code:
import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt # create arrays for the data points X = [] Y = [] #read the csv file csvReader = open('Salary_Data.csv') #skips the header line csvReader.readline() for line in csvReader: x, y = line.split(',') X.append(float(x)) Y.append(float(y)) # change to numpy array X = np.array(X) Y = np.array(Y) # view the data plt.figure(1) plt.scatter(X, Y) plt.title("The data we're trying to model") # use variables so that the sum, dot, and denominator is only calculated once n = X.size sumY = Y.sum() sumX = X.sum() sumXY = X.dot(Y) sumX2 = X.dot(X) denominator = (n * sumX2) - (sumX ** 2) a = ((sumY * sumX2) - (sumX * sumXY)) / denominator b = ((n * sumXY) - (sumX * sumY)) / denominator print("the value of a is: ", a) print("the value of b is: ", b) # calculate predicted Y array predictedY = a + b * X # calculate the r-squared value SSres = Y - predictedY SStot = Y - Y.mean() rSquared = 1 - (SSres.dot(SSres) / SStot.dot(SStot)) print("the value of R-squared is: ", rSquared) # view the data and the line plt.figure(2) plt.scatter(X, Y) plt.plot(X, predictedY) plt.title("The data and our line") plt.show()
If you use the same data set you should see the following:
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